In an oral text the main source of expression of tension is prosody, and in a written text - verbal means. In both cases the cumulation of tension occurs at the time of conveying the idea (theme) of the text and in segments containing the metaphor, specification, contrast, etc., closely linked with the idea. 

The first geographical names on the territory of contemporary Abkhazia formed in accordance with the norms of Abkhazian (Apsua) language appeared from the beginning of the 16^th century. The survey of the historical change of toponyms evidences that the statements according to which the Abkhazians (the Apsua) are the only indigenous population on this territory, appear to be incorrect.

The paper deals with one of the special spheres of Georgian-Russian linguistic relations - slang words. Russian words are considered in modern Georgian slang and Georgian words in modern Russian slang. The specific features and peculiarities of using these lexical units are shown. 

The given paper describes and studies psychological-verbal and cultural-social facts of the process of elements denoting colors.  The given study determines the expansion of the word-meaning in the process of nomination.

The given paper refers to nonstandard orthographic forms, which are used in a short textual discourse. Their discussion according to the formal and subjective criteria enables us to conclude, that abbreviations are used not only for "defeating" the technical limitations, but they also emerge in the role of lingual identifiers.

The given paper discusses negation expressed by the combination of the particle "არ" ("ar") with the particles"ც" ("ts") and "კი" ("ki"). It shows, that a nominal negation exists in the Georgian language. The particle "ts" provides a scale predication, while "ki" introduces a presupposition.  Moreover, the given paper deals with the lexical means, which facilitate the expression of the same functions in the English language.

The given paper discusses the binary consonant complexes on the levels of etymon and derivate. It describes the evolution of consonant groups and the reasons causing their variation.

The given paper discusses the Georgian and English phraseologisms denoting a person's physical and mental conditions. Phraseologisms are discussed via lingvo-culturological aspects and from the lexico-thematic point of view. Moreover, the similarities and differences of the Georgian and English languages are presented.

N. Gumiliov's poetical manner is characterized by the generalization of the semantic meaning connected to celestial sphere. These words are the holders of both conotational charges (they are loaded positively, as well as negatively). Sometimes a transition from positive to negative register occurs.  

The article deals with practical methods and general prospects for the creation of bilingual, European-Georgian dictionaries basing on the Comprehensive English-Georgian Dictionary. Techniques for the creation of such dictionaries are shown on the example of concrete entries from projected Italian-Georgian, French-Georgian, German-Georgian, and Swedish-Georgian dictionaries.

The article deals will the gender dynamics of discourse concerning Georgian and German Girls and Boys, the cooperative and competentive style of their communication (maritial, full of Intense competition). The essay analyzes the empirical data from audio-visual recordings.

The given article is dedicated to the problems of irony interpretation and decoding in the light of speech acts theory based on the examples obtained through research that generally provides the idea of the future study of irony as a joint category of form, meaning and context.  

The methods of teaching a foreign language changes over the course of time and is oriented on he appropriate reality and technological development. The article deals with the general analysis of intercultural method and singles out its general characteristics; the problem is  seen in the prism of Georgian Reality and gives the prospects of the future. 

The Article deals with the Place of Word Formation in Contemporary Linguistics. Presented and analysed are the opinions of local and foreign linguists related to the matter. The article aims to show the terminological differences that were observed in Georgian and foreign linguistic literature.

The slangs of European languages contain words of Romani origin. In this paper I deal with presence of such words in colloquial Spanish and several Central European languages. After a brief overview of the semantic groups where these words can be found I point out the group of ethnic terms. I explain the reasons why these words penetrated into the language and why their meaning could have changed. The case study is based on my field research.

 The article deals with the integration and adaptation ways of French and Georgian Neologisms. Based on printed and electronic media examples the article shows their characteristics, common features and differences.

The article deals with the problem of the essence or status of lexicography. Discussed therein is the issue of whether lexicography is a science or merely a craft. The article presents arguments in favour of the scientific status of lexicography. Namely, there are examined the fields of human activity which, despite their having applied aspect, are still rightly regarded by the public as sciences.

The paper studies a paradigmatic tropology of “the pillar of light” in Nikoloz Gulaberidze’s “The reading” and “The chant”. Its Biblical archetypes are found and the embodiment and essence of “the pillar of light” in the monuments of old Georgian literature are presented. Appropriate conclusions are based on the above mentioned and on the data of the scientific literature.

The paper discusses a semantic classification of Svan onomatopoeic vocabulary on the basis of Choluruli speech and traditional dialects (Balszemouri, Balskvemouri, Lashkhuri and Lentekhuri) of the Svan language. The observation of phonosemantic materials reveals that four semantic groups are dominant in Svan, namely: specifically onomatopoeic vocabulary (expression of diverse sounds); the lexis denoting the movement of light and fire; the vocabulary associated with dynamics – movement and action; the vocabulary denoting static situations – appearance, looking, watching, mental states. The classification of these groups is based on Charles Osgood’s method of semantic differentiation. Naturally, like Georgian, in Svan, the above-mentioned groups cannot fully describe the abundant possibilities of the onomatopoeic vocabulary.

The article deals with the identification of the distributive-statistical pattern of fricative phonemes in the Abkhaz language. The research has been carried out on the basis of the Abkhaz National Corpus. This type of research is a novelty in the study of the issues in Abkhaz phonetics and phonology and it aims at employing the corpus research for a thorough study of the above-mentioned topic.

The paper focuses on the verbal and non-verbal means of expressing gratitude in e-mail communication and social networks. The key fields of research for the given paper are pragmatics and socio-linguistics. The theoretical basis embraces the functions of language, speech act theory, politeness theory and cultural studies. The scientific novelty of the given research is that the expression of gratitude has been studied with regard to modern communication channels. Besides, gratitude is viewed as a representation of the expressive and phatic functions of language. Gratitude is studied from the viewpoint of politeness and is considered a Face-saving strategy. The utterances related to gratitude are viewed as speech acts belonging to the groups of “Behabitives“ and “Expressives”. The empirical material is obtained from the virtual data, namely, the most popular social network – Facebook. The analysis embraces letters sent by e-mail, messages in personal chat, timeline posts and comments. Research outcomes might be of interest for linguists interested in pragmatics, sociolinguistics, speech acts, functions of language, speech etiquette and politeness theory. 

Based on the model described by N. Fairclough, this article deals with the linguistic analysis of official speeches of 2 Georgian presidents, in particular, of the congratulatory speeches delivered by Zviad Gamsakhurdia and Giorgi Margvelashvili, the first and fourth presidents of Georgia at the New Year’s Eve and military tattoos on May 26, speeches made by Gamsakhurdia in exile. (1 hourand15 minutes, 8500 words). While analyzing these data, particular attention is paid to the linguistic markers through which both presidents express and justify their approaches to certain events and ideology, and gain or maintain public support.

DOI:  10.55804/jtsu-1987-8583-15-10

The article discusses some of the verbs found in Elamite texts. The focus is on the units that bear some typological similarities with the items in the Kartvelian, Dravidian and Indo-European languages. Based on the examples, assumptions are made about the etymology of the root of a verb.

DOI: 10.55804/jtsu-1987-8583-15-11

This article aims to study the functions of contrastive discourse markers on the example of American and Georgian talk shows. The methodological framework of the paper is based on B. Fraser’s taxonomy, which examines discourse markers according to their pragmatic and metalinguistic functions. B. Fraser’s grammatical-pragmatic theory studies language relevant in a particular context and is interested in the contextual meaning of the text. The article aims to: (1) determine which contrastive discourse markers are used in a talk show discourse; (2) explain the communicative intentions of the speakers according to the contrastive discourse markers they use; (3) provide contrasting linguistic-pragmatic analysis of English and Georgian discourse markers.

DOI: 10.55804/jtsuSPEKALI-16-14

One of the fundamental truths of grammar is recognized as the referential definition of a noun, according to which it is a part of speech that expresses an object. There is no alternative to such an understanding of the noun in the European linguistic tradition. Making distinction of   the  universal sign of the noun – subjectivity – defined the similar understanding of this part of speech in the grammars of the  antique and Middle Ages. The first traditional European knowledge about the language appeared in Philosophy, representatives of which were studied the language as an expression of the thought.  Τέχνη Γραμματική by Dionysus is specially distinguished, which theoretically  justifies the logicism in the practice of studying the language.

DOI: 10.55804/jtsuSPEKALI-16-18

Within the context of teaching English as a foreign language, code-switching – alternating between two or more languages, in a single conversation or situation – is a common practice. This article is the first attempt to investigate the frequency and functions of code-switching by lecturers of general English language courses across the different universities in Tbilisi, Georgia. Building on existing literature [Myers-Scotton, 1993; Ferguson, 2003, etc.], this quantitative study uses survey responses from 92 lecturers and 220 students enrolled in general English courses at the university level in Georgia.  The objective is to reveal (1) the frequency of code-switching used by the EFL (English as a foreign language) course lecturers in the higher education discourse; (2) the functions of using code-switching in the EFL course; (3) and the EFL course lecturers' and students’ attitudes towards lecturers’ code-switching behavior.

Based on the results of the study, code-switching in the classroom can serve several functions such as communicative and intercultural difference. Moreover, students were found to hold far more positive attitudes towards their lecturers switching from English into Georgian during class than the lecturers themselves. Thus, it shows that lecturers believe in a conventional view (using only one language) of teaching a language. Surprisingly, although lecturers have a negative attitude towards using Georgian, 50-60% of participants use Georgian.

DOI: 10.55804/jtsuSPEKALI-16-15

In the present paper, impoliteness is considered to be a way of expressing and establishing oneself, as well as a method for shaping and maintaining interpersonal relations; Close social relationships are claimed to constitute a threat in the process of constructing one's identity.

DOI: 10.55804/jtsuSPEKALI-16-16

The following study discusses emotion as an essential part of communication and defines it as a cognitive process that is schematically represented and activated in the context of persuasion on the base of shared cultural experience between the speaker and the listener.

DOI: 10.55804/jtsuSPEKALI-16-13

The  article is about naming the main character of “Knight in the Panther’s Skin” – Tariel. The mentioned personal name is connected with the adjective root of Georgian origin derived from the -ier affix. The linguistics, historical and literary data are considered in order to unite thepresented viewpoints in one concept.

DOI: 10.55804/jtsuSPEKALI-16-17

The article examines the results of the linguo-pragmatic research that focused on the analysis of the rhetorical possibilities of aggressive humor based on the qualitative and quantitative study of the given discourse in the theoretical framework of pragmatics, socio-pragmatics and semantics, considering certain intercultural aspects. The empirical material of the paper comprises 20 American and 20 Georgian "Stand-up" monologues.

This paper discusses the process of grammaticalization in the natural language system, presents the main theoretical postulates defining this process, describes the functional-semantic characteristics of the grammaticalized element chans, and discusses the difficulties related to it in corpus linguistics.

In the ancient Georgian, a noun had a –t suffix plural form in ergative, dative and genitive cases. Sometimes, the –t suffix plural form was also used in instrumental and adverbial cases. At a certain stage of the development of the language, nouns with the suffix -ta (-თა) were formed with the marker -d(a) (-დ(ა)). As a result, we got such forms: გონიერთადა (goniertada), საუნჯეთად (saunjetad), სხეულთად (sχeultad)... The article discusses similar R-ta-d(a) (R-თა-დ(ა)) structure forms. It also attempts to determine the reasons for their formation.^[1]

[1] This research № PHDF-21-5365 has been supported by Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation of Georgia (SRNSFG).

As is known, the theory of conceptual metaphor gave impetus to understanding metaphor as one way of human cognition of the world from the standpoint of cognitive linguistics. According to Lakoff and Johnson's fundamental theory of conceptual metaphor (2003), metaphor facilitates human perception of the world.

It is one of the necessary tools in the differentiation and conceptualization of the world. This article aims to study the specifics of the metaphorical conceptualization of hatred in Georgian and English languages and identify and analyze universal and variant models in these languages and cultures.

The article „Methods of Georgian Term Formation: On the Example of Botanical, Zoological and Anatomical Terms“ aims to study the terminology and methods of term formation of traditional fields. This interest is determined by the fact that in the 21st century Georgian terminology is mostly filled with terms borrowed from the English language. The study of Georgian terminology in the classical period and its tradition is important today for working out the terminological policy in our country and correct implementation of terminological activities.

The purpose of the article is to present the peculiarities of determining the Georgian equivalents of the ancient Greek meteorological terms on the example of Claudius Ptolemy's works, namely, "Tetrabiblos" or "Quadripartite", "Almagest" or "Mathematical Composition", "The Phases of the Fixed Stars" and "Geography".

The present article discusses the words denoting colours presented in the works of "Tsisperkantselebi". We will find out the symbolic meaning of the vocabulary related to colours in the poetry of "Tsisperkantselebi" (how often the mentioned vocabulary is used and which is the dominant colour). We will analyse the importance of the theories of Frumkina, Vezhbitska, Kandinsky, Berlin and Kay in relation to this specific field of vocabulary.  The semiotic opinions of other linguists will also be discussed.

We start the study of the issue by separating the basic colours. However, the research is not limited to the main colours.

The work is created in accordance to the principles of the Kartvelian linguistics, for which the main things are interdisciplinary studies and drawing appropriate conclusions against the background of data from adjacent specialties. We distinguish two dimensions of the mentioned approach: linguistics-literature studies and culturology, because linguoculturology implies the interconnection of linguistic and cultural studies.

The article discusses the terminological problems that have arisen after the start of the military relations between Georgia and NATO. It deals with the difficulties that the language faces when a lot of new terms are simultaneously introduced and uncontrollably established. The article discusses two new terms.

This paper deals with speech peculiarities of the Georgian capital city (Tbilisi). It is noted that the question of treating the Tbilisi speech in its totality as one Tbilisi dialect or capital's social strata (social dialects) has not yet been thought about. This paper aims at giving special qualification to urban speech.

This study concerns the depiction of plurality in subordinating conjunction ("which") in Modern Georgian language. For the purpose of bringing the norm in order, it seems reasonable to take into account grammatical form of that member of the sentence which the conjunction refers to and syntactical relation of the same member with basic coordinates - verb-predicates from the viewpoint of the category of number.

The "trust" is generally characterized as a legal institution of Anglo-American law. Nowadays its different modifications are established in the legal systems of Continental Europe. The given paper studies the main terms related to the "trust" on the basis of comparative analysis of Georgian, Russian and American legislations.