Introduction

In the modern era, the speech of the former prime minister of Georgia, Zurab Zhvania (made on 27 January 1999, during the session of the General Assembly of the Council of Europe) and his words "I am a Georgian and therefore, I am a European" are treated as historical facts. After "The Revolution of Roses", Georgia has got even closer to Europe. The deepening of European-Georgian military relations required the creation of new Georgian military terms. In this direction, Doctrine Development Department (since 2015 - Doctrine Development Center), which was created at the Ministry of Defense in 2003 seems important. Unfortunately, due to the number of manuals to be translated and edited, a thorough research of this material is not possible. The simultaneous influx of many new terms is uncontrollable. The rules of normalization are violated. All of these leads to the establishment of many invalid forms and threatens the language.

The European-Georgian Military Relations and the New Georgian Military Terms

Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, Georgia has chosen the pro-Western orientation and the country's politics has also moved in this direction. Accordingly, Georgia chose the North Atlantic Organization (NATO) and America as military partners.

After the rapprochement of Georgia and NATO, it has become necessary to translate a lot of English military literature. This literature is for military personnel of all directions and all levels. It is  about the new techniques that replace the old, Soviet-era techniques and equipment. In addition to English, the German and French military manuals are often translated. On 14 August 2006, Sachkhere Mining Training School was established in western Georgia, near Sachkhere. It was managed by Joint Headquarters of Command of Military Training and Education of the Defense Forces. The school was opened with the support of America and France. France also trained instructors at Georgian Officers' School. In 2010 within the framework of NATO-Georgia cooperation, the school was awarded the qualification Partnership for Peace Training and Education Center. The French instructors often visit the school. Accordingly, the mountaineering manuals are mainly translated from French.

The emergence and establishment of new directions in terminology is usually followed by  influx of new terms. The language is not often prepared for this. Care and attention are needed. Each term should be properly discussed and studied not only by specialists of the field, but also by linguists and as a result of their joint conclusion, an optimal term should be coined. It is necessary to maintain a certain balance: although it is desirable to give preference to the usage of national words and roots, an international term is often more acceptable for the language community. In this case, the choice should be made on the latter. It is not suitable to transfer foreign words and roots directly, without translation.

Some of the modern Georgian linguists support the terminological policy existing in the Soviet period. Many of the artificially created terms failed to establish themselves in the language and  international terms were given preference. The Soviet pressure was added as well. Despite this fact, the linguists and terminology experts decided to introduce parallel forms: international and Georgian. I believe that it was the best solution. The initiator of this was Vukol Beridze. "Despite Filipe Makharadze's order, in the terminological dictionaries published during this period, the Georgian terms  were  written next to the international ones" [Karosanidze, 2013:66].

Nowadays, the language often presents a matching form of a new concept and a term naming it. Despite this fact, the language prefers an international term. Here are some examples: infiltration - შეჟონვა/shezhonva, exfiltration - გამოჟონვა/gamozhonva, combatant - მებრძოლი/mebrdzoli, non-combatant - არამებრძოლი/aramebrdzoli, lethal - სასიკვდილო/sasikvdilo, etc. There are also frequent cases, when there is not an exact match of a new concept or a designatum in the native language and it becomes necessary to borrow a term expressing a concept. There are also cases, when a term does not fit our reality and needs to be replaced or adapted. For example, the defense forces of Georgia do not have  army, corpus and regiment. Therefore, terms clearly expressing these meanings should be chosen in Georgian.

The Term ლიდერი

As noted above, many new terms are unnecessarily embedded in the language. On the background of the struggle with numerous unacceptably established foreign terms, it is paradoxical that borrowing is necessary. However, this fact has many opponents. "ლიდერი" (leader) is one of the debatable terms in the military terminology.

This term comes from the Old English word lædere, which comes from the word lædan. The latter means to lead and is related to Frisian ledera, Dutch leider, Old German leitari and German Leiter. The term leader, as a title denoting a head of an authoritarian state, has been used since 1918 and has been translated as Führer (Germ. Führer  -  Hitler's title), Dux, Duce (Lat. Duce -   Mussolini's title), Caudillo (Span. Caudillo    –   a political leader or statesman in Latin American countries, a title of Francisco Franco), etc. The form leader was first verified in 1837 in the British newspaper, while the terminological expression Council of Leaders has been used since 1970. Earlier, since 1900, cheer-leader has been found in American English [The online...].

Globalization has led to the expansion of the meaning of this word and today it is actively used in almost all fields. "It became necessary not to have an ordinary manager, but a globally thinking manager or leader" [Mkheidze, 2016:13]. In order to be full-fledged members of the world community, we need to adapt to the rapidly changing environment, where "the flexibility of organizations and ability to implement changes have become more important than contents of these changes. The most important thing that the new reality demands from organizations is a new style of management, principally, a new leader" [Mkheidze, 2016:30].

The processes taking place in the world today lead to the need for a leader. A leader is everywhere and in everything, especially in private companies, although it has also gained a strong foothold in state services, due to an organizational culture of leadership. In this regard, the military field adapts to the news with some difficulties and the mentioned term is just being introduced. This process is reflected in the military terminology.

"Leader" is an English word and is translated as წინამძღოლი/tsinamdzgoli, ხელმძღვანელი/khelmdzgvaneli. "In the Explanatory Dictionary of the Georgian Language" (eight-volume) the definition of a leader is given in only two contexts: 1. პოლიტიკური პარტიის, საზოგადოებრივ-პროფესიული ორგანიზაციის ხელმძღვანელი. 2. რაიმე სპორტულ შეჯიბრებაში დაწინაურებული პირი ან გუნდი¹.

Today, the meaning of this word is expanded and it is actively used in almost all fields, but it was difficult to establish the term in the military field. The modern "Georgian Military Encyclopedic Dictionary" (2017) does not present the term "leader". In Military English-Georgian Dictionary (edited by Tina Margalitadze), leader is translated in two ways: 1. ლიდერი (მხოლოდ პოლიტიკური ნიშნით. მაგ.: პოლიტიკური ლიდერი). 2. მეთაური, ხელმძღვანელი². Therefore, different textbooks use different words for this term. For example, in the manuals of the US Army  -  "Ground Forces Combat Training and Evaluation Program"  -   which are for military personnel of various directions and levels, the term "leader" is translated as მეთაური/metauri (commander) or ხელმძღვანელი/khelmdzghvaneli (head). In fact, at the platoon  and squad levels, a leader's and a commander's roles may overlap, but at higher levels they have different roles. In some cases, functions of a leader and a sergeant overlap and we cannot translate "leader" as მეთაური or ხელმძღვანელი. Therefore, the translation of this term is incorrect, because a commander is a position, a sergeant is a rank and a leader is an authoritative person with appropriate skills. This term has already been accepted in some agencies of the Ministry of Defense. As it is known, the new management method    -  known as "management by task" -   is being actively established in the defense forces. This is a decentralized management method and a special role belongs to a leader, not a commander. A commander creates a small group in his unit and appoints its leader. Accordingly, it is no longer possible to bypass this term and translate it as მეთაური/metauri (commander), სერჟანტი/serzhanti (sergeant) or ხელმძღვანელი/khelmdzghvaneli (head). Therefore, in the textbooks related to the management by task, this word is no longer translated and the international term "leader" is used. In 2014, at National Defense Academy, the component   -  mastery of leadership skills  -  was added to the cadet evaluation scheme (according to which a coefficient is calculated). Cadets are evaluated by this component. Finally, in accordance to the existing tendency, the area of usage of the term will expand and all agencies and directions will use it. Currently, მეთაური and ლიდერი are often used as the parallel forms.

The Term კომანდა

In the military terminology, similarly to other terminologies, there are many unacceptable borrowings, most of which are already established. კომანდა is one of such borrowings.

According to “A Comprehensive English-Georgian Online Dictionary”, the main meanings of the word command are ბრძანება/brdzaneba (order), განკარგულება/gankarguleba (behest), ბრძანების გაცემა/brdzanebis gatsema (giving an order). კომანდა/comanda is indicated as a military sense, for instance: "Command to open fire სამხ. ცეცხლის გახსნის კომანდა“  [A Comprehensive…].

The term "command" is included in the internal dictionary of Doctrine Development Center. The following three Georgian lexical units correspond to it: მართვა/martva, კომანდა/comanda and სარდლობა/sardloba. In the first case, it is a certain authority. This meaning is used in the following cases: unity of command, art of command, battle command, etc. In the second case, it is used in the sense of a verbal command. In the explanation, one can read: "An order issued by a commander. It is his will that a specific action should be performed" [Military-explanatory..., 2017:130]. As for the third meaning, it corresponds to "სარდლობა/command" and is used in the following word-combinations: service component command, national command. In this case a governing ring is implied.

Similarly to the English “command” and “order”, in the Georgian military terminology (in the military field) ბრძანება/brdzaneba and კომანდა/komanda are differentiated. ბრძანება is a written decree, while a verbal decree, a verbal command  is კომანდა. At first, კომანდა was a loan. However, nowadays, it is difficult to call it a loan, since it has been established in the military sphere for more than a decade.

In “English-Georgian Military Dictionary” (edited by Tinatin Margalitadze), the meaning of the word command has many matches (5 in total): the first match is კომანდა, სიტყვიერი ბრძანება/komanda, sitkvieri brdzaneba (command, verbal command), the second meaning is მეთაურობა/metauroba (leading), ხელმძღვანელობა/khelmdzgvaneloba (leadership). The word command also means სარდლობა/sardloba (leading), სამხედრო ნაწილი/samkhedro natsili (military unit), სამხედრო შენაერთი/samxedro shenaerti (military unit) and სამხედრო ოლქი/samkhedro olki (military district). Accordingly, we use the borrowed form only for denoting a verbal command.

Although the term კომანდა is considered as an operational-level military term, it is often used in the tactical-level manuals. For example, it is used in the manuals of different levels (infantry squad and platoon, infantry company, mechanized platoon, etc.) of the "The Program of Combat Training and Evaluation of Land Forces". "A platoon commander commands a platoon to open fire..." [Infantry..., 2017:93]. In other cases,  command is used analogously, with the meaning of a verbal command.

The term კომანდა is also used in such an official document as "Resolution No. 181 of Government of Georgia" (2018). In the explanatory part of the terms, we come across various commands: additional command, combatant command. There are also: preparatory command, executable command, etc. The term is mentioned 935 times in the document. This fact gives us the reason to conclude that it is officially accepted and spread in the defense forces (despite being incorrectly established from the linguistic viewpoint).

The document also presents the term ბრძანება/brdzaneba (order)  (only 26 times). In 16 cases it implies a written order, while in 6 cases ნაბრძანები/nabrdzanebi is written. The latter means a verbal order. However, ნაკომანდები/ნაკომანდარი  (nacomandebi/nacomandari) would be an artificially created form. For this reason, ბრძანება is used. The term ბრძანება appears twice in the definition of კომანდები/komandebi (pl. of command), which is obviously logical. Therefore, we can say unequivocally and decisively that კომანდა is associated with a verbal order and ბრძანება   -  with the written one.

ბრძანება is used in case of the English “order”. According to Margalitadze's dictionary, its primary meaning is ბრძანება/brdzaneba (order), განკარგულება/gankarguleba (decree), ინსტრუქცია/instrukcia (instruction). However, oral/verbal order (სიტყვიერი ბრძანება/კომანდა  -  sitkvieri brdzaneba/comanda) is also used. If the context allows, the author considers it permissible to use კომანდა. Margalitadze's dictionary presents the same term in plural (orders). In this case, it is no longer Georgian კომანდა or სიტყვიერი ბრძანება, but only ბრძანებები; განკარგულებები; ინსტრუქციები/brdzanebebi; gankargulebebi; instrukciebi (orders; decrees; instructions).

In the internal dictionary order has only one meaning - ბრძანება/brdzaneba -   and is accompanied by the interesting definition: "giving instructions by a superior to a subordinate in writing, orally or through communication means. In a broad sense, the terms "ბრძანება" and "კომანდა" are synonymous, although “ბრძანება” consists of separate parts according to the details of execution, while “კომანდა” does not consist" [Military-explanatory..., 2017:35].

According to the above definition, there is no essential difference between კომანდა and  ბრძანება, although there is still a slight difference depending on the details of execution. A command is a simple verbal order issued by a commander during operations/trainings. It is a single order, which necessitates a single conduct. What caused the overlapping of such forms? Why is it necessary to use the term კომანდა when there is the equivalent in the language?

Many English terms were established as such parallel forms, due to the influx of American/English books and their uncontrolled translation. Unfortunately, there is also the tendency for many translators (both civilian and military) to believe that more foreign terms they use, more different and distinguished the translated text will be. As a result, the following terms were established: კომბატანტი/არაკომბატანტი (combatanti/aracombatanti) - combatant/non-combatant, ლეტალური/არალეტალური (letaluri/araletaluri) - lethal/non-lethal, etc.

As mentioned above, order and command are similarly differentiated in English. Accordingly, translators try to make their translations very close to the originals and do not translate the word order as წერილობითი ბრძანება/tserilobiti brdzaneba (written command) and the word command as სიტყვიერი ბრძანება/sitkvieri brdzaneba (verbal command).

In multitran, the word command is translated into Russian as 1. (Common mean.)  приказ,   приказание,  команда.  2. (Military mean.)  руководство, соединение, управление, формирование,  часть,  командирование. The English root is also used and borrowed here. Despite this, in the same dictionary, among the numerous meanings of order, the root команд is not found even among military meanings.

Management of Terminology Related to Different Fields

Terms enrich a language and our society has always been open in this regard. However, several times, the Georgian language has been in danger due to this. This process was repeatedly stopped and regulated by our ancestors.

The principles of creating and translating terminology was discussed in detail by famous Georgian linguist, Rogneda Ghambashidze, in the work "The Georgian Scientific Terminology and the Basic Principles of its Creation". The work discusses the scientists’ different opinions regarding terminology. One group of scientists believes that terminology can be of two types: a) special terms, which have their own field of usage and which are known only to specialists; b) common terms known to all speakers of a language.  Another group opposes this idea and believes that the terms should be general, common and comprehensive. The author calls the role of terminology "discolored" in case when a term is used as an independent unit with a certain system and is reduced to a practical, constructive activity of specialists. It means that a role of a term is lost if it is used only within a narrow specialty.

Working on the terminology related to a particular field is a very time-consuming task. This process requires a strict control for avoiding the contamination of a language. During the existence of the Soviet Union, this process was successfully managed by Institute of Linguistics. In agreement with specialists of a field, it coined terms that were reflected in dictionaries. "At that time, as a result of such joint work, there was no terminological confusion in Georgian" [Karosanidze, 2013:66]. The State Commission for Establishing the Standards of the Georgian Literary Language was actively involved in this process and managed it together with Institute of Linguistics. Today, this commission is replaced by State Language Department.

Unfortunately, State Language Department and the Law on the State Language were officially created too late, namely, in 2017. According to the law: State Language Department is a legal entity under public law and its activities are under the control of the Government of Georgia. It ensures protection and popularization of the constitutional status of the state language, the  standards of the Georgian literary language and determination as well as establishment of new special terms [9, Article 3.e]. The main function of State Language Department is to "approve the norms and terminological standard of the Georgian literary language, as well as to give recommendations to state and local self-government bodies, legal entities of private and public law to eliminate violations in the field of language use" [Organic Law…, 10:36]. State Language Department protects the norms of the Georgian literary language and cooperation with it in this direction is a step forward.

Conclusions

The terms presented in the article partly reflect the situation that exists in the military field today. It is true that in many cases the manuals use „ლიდერი“ and „მეთაური“ as parallel forms (spelled as:  მეთაური/ლიდერი), but very often „მეთაური“ is preferred, although „ლიდერი“ should be used. This is explained by the fact that the functions of  „ლიდერი“ and „მეთაური“ coincide with each other. As for „კომანდა“, this term is established under the influence of English, since in English it is differentiated and two distinct terms are used: a verbal order (command) and a written order (order). „კომანდა“ and „ბრძანება“ are used similarly in Georgian. We can definitely say that „კომანდა“ is an unnecessary linguistic borrowing that was established. Such borrowings are numerous in the military terminology and require study.

Europe and Georgia are getting closer in many fields (politics, technology, culture, law, military field, civil education, banking and finances, etc.). New international terms enter and establish in the Georgian language. Terminology enriches the language, but this process must be controlled, otherwise the language will become contaminated.

New military terms should be established as a result of scientific-research activities. This requires an in-depth study of the issue and involvement of various institutions. Afterwards, we will have better results as well as the quality military literature.

[1]A head of a political party, a public-professional organization. 2. A person or a team promoted in any sporting competition.

[2]Leader (only on a political basis, e.g.: a  political leader). 2. Commander, chief.