The poem "Howl", which was written in 1954-1955, is recognized as Allen Ginsberg's best work. Allen Ginsberg is an encourager and one of the outstanding representatives of the Beat Generation. The Beat Movement is the American social and literary movement that began in 1944, when Allen Ginsberg, William Burroughs and Jack Kerouac met on the campus of Columbia University in New York. In 1956, while speaking to poet and critic Richard Eberhart, Ginzberg stated that the purpose of writing this poem was to liberate readers from the “wrong ... self-deprecating self'' and to convince them that they were “angels'' [Raskin, 2004: XIX]. For the poet, the poem "Howl" was a magical mirror. When he gazed into it, he saw another side, another aspect [Raskin, 2004: XX]. The poem combines different periods of Allen Ginsberg's life: childhood, the years of studying at Columbia University, the hipster days spent in New York, traveling during the 1940s-1950s. The poem presents many notes about Ginsberg's life and experience. It is supposable that the narrator of the story is the poet himself. "Howl" is a free poem and in terms of a structure, it is a kind of an experiment. In it, Ginsberg uses his own poetic form. He is a poet and a protagonist. The poem consists of three parts.

On 7 October 1955, the evening of the poetry of The Six Gallery was organized. Michael McClure noted: "If it wasn't the evening of the poetry of The Six Gallery, there wouldn't be the rising Beat Generation". "During the silence of McCarthyism and the terrible, austere Cold War, the poem “Howl” spoke for many of us" [Raskin, 2004: 7].

During this event, Ginsberg read the first completed part of the poem "Howl". As he read, he found himself acquiring the new identity   -   the public poet, sharing his thoughts and feelings with the rapt audience. "Howl" created Allen Ginsberg. The spectators became the active participants of this event [Raskin, 2004: 18]. "Howl" should be perceived by a reader as a mad person’s screaming. For the poet, this poem was a cultural weapon in the fight against the prevailing poetry of that time.

In 1955, when William Carlos Williams received the manuscript of the poem "Howl", he noted: "Ginsberg's ability to survive, to travel and to continue writing amazes me. It is no less surprising to me that he continued to develop and perfect his creativity''. He compared the poet to Dante. According to Williams, "Howl" offers us the map of hell, in which Ginsberg lived in New York of the 1940s-1950s [Raskin, 2004: 108].

Why does the poet title his poem with the word "howl"? A howl is a loud, instinctive, wild, animal-like sound. Allen Ginsberg, as the author and the narrator of the poem, does not cry, scream or growl. He howls and this voice comes undisguisedly from his inner world. "Howl" is crying of an inner self of a person against everything that is destroyed by social restrictions. Ginsberg tries to show a reader that the cause of destruction of great thinkers is the war, politics, modern culture and capitalism.

Along with the title, the poem has the subtitle  -  For Carl Solomon  -   through which we learn that it is dedicated to the poet's close friend, Carl Solomon, whom he met while being treated in New York State Psychiatric Institution. For the poet, Carl Solomon embodies the entire generation of great thinkers, who could not withstand the socio-political situation and psychological pressure of the USA of the1940s-1950s and went crazy.

The first line of the first part of the poem   -  "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked, dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn looking for an angry fix"¹ [Ginsberg, 1956, 1959: 9]  -  is recognized as one of the most famous lines of Ginsberg's poetry. The "best thinkers" do not mean famous people. They are people rejected by society, because they did not want to obey its strict rules. The lyrical hero of the poem says that he saw the "best thinkers" of his generation destroyed by madness. Carl Solomon is one of them. The word “minds” refers to intelligence, mental abilities. A reader is interested, why these people are so smart, what they did so special and why they died of madness.

In the following lines, the poet describes, who these people are and what they did. It is easy to see that most of the lines start with the word "Who", which is followed by talking about the specific actions. The poet describes in detail the daily life of the "best thinkers", their poor conditions, use of drugs, intimate lives. The lyrical hero of the poem is desperate, because he has been ostracized by society. People of his generation, who try to escape their despair through art, music, drugs and sex, feel the same sense of ostracization. In this part of the poem, it is not clear, what destroyed them. A reader soon realizes that these "best thinkers" are not lawyers, scientists and doctors. According to the poem, these people are drug addicts, prostitutes, travelers, poets, musicians and political dissidents.

In the second part of the poem, it is already obvious that the destruction of these people is Moloch's fault. According to the Hebrew Bible, Moloch was a god of idolaters. Children were thrown into fire and in this form, they were sacrificed. Accordingly, Allen Ginsberg equates this pagan god with the war, prevailing capitalism, culture and ruling power of the country. The lyrical hero regretfully mentions that people even broke their backs in lifting Moloch up to the heavens.

In the third part, the narrator directly addresses Carl Solomon. As it was already mentioned, he was a close friend of Allen Ginsberg, whom he met while being treated at  New York State Mental Institution. This mental hospital is implied in Rockland, which was fictionalized by the author. Allen Ginsberg often repeats the phrase "I'm with you in Rockland" and thus sympathizes with his friend.

Finally, the poem ends with making the narrator’s dream alive in the imagination. In this dream, Solomon moves from New York to his cottage in Berkeley (California) and meets with the narrator. Several important themes are presented in the poem. One of them is madness. Allen Ginsberg created the poetic image of America as the "nation of madhouses" and inserted it into the middle of the poem. The anonymous hero  –  the so-called "who", which appears throughout the first chapter and is "destroyed by madness"  –    is the madman, "the mad tramp and angel". In this poem, America is an "armed madhouse". It is the country of "visible destinies of the insane", "cities of the insane" and "invincible madhouses" [Raskin, 2004: 92].

A poor mental state is followed by a life in poverty. These gifted people, considered insane by the society, are ostracized from the American society, educational institutions, mainstream art and literature. They either end up in mental hospitals, or wander, or live in unkempt, cheap apartments with no facilities. They spend money on those substances that make them forget about their daily existence. It is interesting that the poet treats as an improperly appreciated "best thinker" and a genius the one, whom society considers mad.

Ginsberg's past makes it clear, why madness was so important to him. It is known that Allen's mother, Naomi Ginsberg, suffered from schizophrenia for many years. She had hallucinations, delusions and several attempts of suicide. In the 1940s-1950s, when psychiatrists offered nothing, but restrictions on freedom and harmful treatment for the mentally ill, family members were the ones, who had the greatest responsibility. Little Allen, who took care of his mother, faced this difficult task. All this was settling in his mind. Added to this was the discord between his parents, their subsequent divorce and the longing for his mother, who was often in the mental hospital and finally, died there.

Allen's mental state was adversely affected by the fact that in 1947, he was the one, who signed the consent to perform the lobotomy to Naomi Ginsberg at Pilgrim State Hospital. The prefrontal lobotomy was a surgical procedure that psychiatrists used to treat schizophrenia and other mental illnesses [Weine, 2023: 22]. It should be noted that up to 30,000 lobotomy operations had been performed in the United States before 1955 [Weine, 2023: 25].

It is conceivable that it would have been a very difficult and responsible decision for Allen to consent to the operation of his mother's lobotomy. It is known that within six months of this event, Allen also started having visions. In 1948 he had auditory hallucinations and while reading the works of William Blake, he heard Blake's voice. The presence of the visions put Allen's mental health into question.

His apparitions became the subject of discussion, when in 1949 he was arrested along with Herbert Hank and Hank's two drug addict friends. Allen had allowed them to keep the stolen property in his apartment. Allen's lawyer and professors did everything to keep him out of prison and proved that due to his past, he needed a psychiatric help. As a result, he spent 8 months in New York State Psychiatric Institution.

For Allen Ginsberg, madness is not limited to illness, dysfunction and mental disorder, as psychiatrists say. Madness can also be deviation from norms, ecstasy, visions, inspiration and creativity [Weine, 2023: 238]. Allen wisely used “his madness” and his mother's life experience and made it the center of his creativity. Later, he composed a number of poems based on his visions. For the poet, madness is the human possibility that includes the potential to do something useful.

It should be noted that Allen Ginsberg dedicated the poem "Kaddish for Naomi Ginsberg" to his mother's memory. It was published in 1961. The poet wrote about Naomi's mental illness and ineffective treatment, madness and death. He revealed the world full of unsolvable situations that drove the young woman to madness. Afterwards, she passed that madness on to her son.

The poem "Howl" mentions Allen Ginsberg's homosexuality, as well as his friends’ different sexual orientations. By writing about the sexual relations with men and women, the poet expresses his opinion and refuses to accept the norms imposed by the religion and society. In the poem, Ginsberg  emphasizes the sexual experiment through which people discovered many new things. For that period, anything that did not conform to heteronormativity threatened the moral standing of the nation. In the poem, the poet shows the connection between sexuality and such aspects of the life of the 1950s as capitalism, religion and madness. However, he did not mention his sexual orientation. It seems that the poet had the crisis of identity. He used the poem to express his feelings in order to overcome this crisis and come to terms with his identity. By reading the poem in public, Ginsberg bared his soul [Kaiissar, 2020: 1290].

Poet and publisher Lawrence Ferlinghetti published Ginsberg’s poem "Howl" in 1956 and soon the whole world got to know the poem, the poet and the Beat Generation. However, Lawrence Ferlinghetti was arrested by San Francisco police for Allen Ginsberg's bold speaking about sexual relationships, as well as usage of many obscene and immoral words. The trial lasted for a long time. The poets, critics, teachers and scientists tried to prove the social and literary values of the poem. They justified Ginsberg's usage of the vulgar language, because he had needed it to create the poetic images, he had wanted to portray. Finally, the publisher was acquitted and the charge of obscenity was removed from the poem.

The poem discusses another important issue, namely, the public rules and order. The "best thinkers" opposed the rules that defined the social order in America in the 1950s. Allen Ginsberg believed that the systems of health, law and to some extent, education stifled the creativity of the nation's smartest individuals. He called all the rebels of the poem "the best thinkers of his generation" and implied himself as well. Accordingly, "Howl" praises the people, who organize political protests and revolutions, have sex with strangers in public places, jump off bridges and sell drugs that is completely against the social norms of America of the 1950s.

The poem "Howl" discusses the personal freedom and liberation from the influence of the social norms. "I walk aimlessly" -  wrote Allen Ginsberg in his journal. This poetic icon appeared years later in the poem "Howl", while mentioning hipsters, "who wandered around and around" [Raskin, 2004: 107]. In the first part of the poem, it can be seen that traveling is one of the ways of gaining freedom, because the characters travel a lot.

During the era of McCarthyism, freethinking artists, writers, scientists and actors were accused of espionage. For this reason, they were afraid to speak out. The narrator criticizes the universities and notes that those, who tried to fully express themselves, were even expelled from higher educational institutions. Among them was Allen Ginsberg. In most cases, the final sentence of differently thinking people was a lobotomy.

The last two parts of the poem deal with imprisonment. Moloch is a god of castles, governments and suburbs. According to the poem, repressed people end up in prison, or in  mental hospitals, or try to commit suicide. In Rockland, which is a mental hospital, people are not only physically locked up, but also mentally imprisoned. Ginsberg calls a hospital an "armed madhouse" (not a recovery facility), where instead of  therapy and human attitude, patients are shocked and treated inhumanely.

The poem "Howl" was translated into Georgian by Shota Iatashvili. The translation is posted on the popular website Demo.ge. However, its date of publication is unknown. Poet, novelist, translator and critic Shota Iatashvili was born in 1966. He is an author of ten poetic and four prose collections. His works were translated into more than twenty languages. It should be noted that Iatashvili does not make a word-for-word translation of the original. In some cases, he offers his own interpretation of phrases. However, at the same time, he maintains the contents and form of the original. Let us discuss some words and phrases, whose translations are particularly interesting.

,,dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn looking for an angry fix’’ [Ginsberg, 1956, 1959: 9].

,,დილაბნელზე მოლასლასე ზანგთა კვარტლებში, წამლის დოზის საძებნელად გამოსული’’            [იათაშვილი].                      

The people, whom the lyrical hero of the poem calls "the best thinkers", find it difficult to move, they "drag" themselves in the streets, as if their bodies are heavy. As the poem shows, these "best thinkers" look for drugs to drown their anger and frustration.

The noun fix is ​​defined by “A Comprehensive English-Georgian Online Dictionary” as the slang, which means ნარკოტიკის დოზა/drug dose [A Comprehensive English-Georgian Online Dictionary]. In Shota Iatashvili's translation, it is presented as წამლის დოზა/dose of medicine, which is completely consistent with the Georgian meaning of the mentioned slang. The adjective angry, which according to the definition of the same dictionary, means „გაბრაზებული, გაჯავრებული, განრისხებული’’ [A Comprehensive English-Georgian Online Dictionary], is lost in the Georgian translation  -  only წამლის დოზა is given. In our opinion, due to the absence of the above-mentioned adjective, a reader does not understand what a drug-addicted person experiences, while trying to take a drug immediately.

,,who were expelled from the academies for crazy & publishing obscene odes on the windows of the skull’’ [Ginsberg, 1956, 1959: 9].     

,,ვინც გააძევეს უმაღლესი სასწავლებლიდან სიგიჟისთვის თუ ურცხვი ოდების თავის ქალის ფანჯრის რაფებზე მიბღაჯნისათვის’’ [Iatashvili].        

They were expelled from academies for creating poetry saturated with madness and bold words. We learn from the poem that they wrote these "odes" on "the windows of the skull", which means the eyes. This line refers a reader to the life of Allen Ginsberg. As it is known, the poet was expelled from Columbia University for writing obscenities on the window of his dorm room.

According to the definition given on Dictionary.ge, the verb publish means: 1. ,,გამოქვეყნება, გამოცემა’’ and 2. ,,დაბეჭდვა’’ [A Comprehensive English-Georgian Online Dictionary]. Shota Iatashvili translated it as მიჯღაბნა, which does not correspond to the Georgian meaning of the word, but, in our opinion, is quite suitable  due to the context of the poem. If the phrase  -  on the windows of the skull  -  is translated word-for-word, the Georgian translation will be თავის ქალის ფანჯრებზე. Ginzberg says that they wrote the odes on the windows of the skull, while the translator adds the windowsill (რაფა), which is not mentioned in the original.

,,Peyote solidities of halls, backyard green tree cemetery dawns, wine drunkenness over the rooftops, storefront boroughs of teahead joyride neon blinking traffic light, sun and moon and tree vibrations in the roaring winter dusks of Brooklyn, ashcan rantings and kind king light of mind’’ [Ginsberg, 1956, 1959:10].           

 ,,პეიოტისგან მოგვრილი სიმყარე დარბაზების და ალიონი სასაფლაოს მარადმწვანე ხეთა ფონზე, ღვინით თრობა სახურავებზე უფრო მაღლა, გაბრუებულთა გარეუბნების ვიტრინები, ნეონური მოციმციმე სინათლეები, მზე, მთვარე და ხეების რხევა ზამთრის ბრუკლინის ხმაურიან ბინდბუნდებში, სანაგვე ურნის მაღალი სტილი და მსუბუქი აღქმადობა მეფური გონის’’            [Iatashvili].     

In this line, the poet writes about several cases, when the "best thinkers" used different kinds of drugs. According to Dictionary.ge, backyard is defined as „ადგილობრივი“ (local) [A Comprehensive English-Georgian Online Dictionary]. Accordingly, in the original, the author writes about the local green tree cemetery. The word backyard i.e. local is not found in the Georgian translation  - only the words სასაფლაოს მარადმწვანე ხეთა ფონზე (against the background of the evergreen trees) are written.

The phrase storefront boroughs of teahead joyride neon blinking traffic light interesting seemed interesting to us. It presents the group of several words. There are no punctuation marks. This makes difficult to understand the overall content of the sentence. According to Dictionary.ge, borough is „პატარა ქალაქი, დაბა“ (small town, township) [A Comprehensive English-Georgian Online Dictionary]. In another meaning, it is „ნიუ-იორკის ხუთი რაიონიდან ერთ-ერთი“ (one of five boroughs of New York) [A Comprehensive English-Georgian Online Dictionary]. In our opinion, the poet uses this word in this sense. Teahead (Amer. conv. rare) is ,,მარიხუანის რეგულარულად მწეველი’’ (regular marijuana smoker) [A Comprehensive English-Georgian Online Dictionary]. Joyride means: 1. (conv.) ,,გართობის მიზნით მგზავრობა’’ (ride for fun); 2. (v.) ,,დაუფიქრებელი/უგუნური საქციელი’’ (გართობის ან სიამოვნების მიზნით ჩადენილი) (reckless/reckless behaviour (committed for fun or pleasure)); 3. (Amer. Sl.) ,,ლოთობა, სმა, ქეიფი’’ (alcoholism, drinking, feasting) and ,,ნარკოტიკების მიღებით გამოწვეული აგზნებული/ევფორიული მდგომარეობა’’ (an excited/euphoric state caused by taking drugs) [A Comprehensive English-Georgian Online Dictionary]. If we make a short translation of the sentence based on each meaning, we will get the following: მაღაზიის ვიტრინა, მარიხუანას რეგულარულად მწეველების რაიონები, ლოთობა, ნეონის მოციმციმე შუქნიშანი (a shop window, areas of regular marijuana smokers, alcoholism, flashing neon traffic light). Shota Iatashvili's translation looks like this: გაბრუებულთა გარეუბნების ვიტრინები, ნეონური მოციმციმე სინათლეები (suburban windows of the dazed, flashing neon lights). The translator translates the word borough as გარეუბანი (suburb). The word joyride in his translation is presented as გაბრუებული  -  a person in an excited/euphoric state caused by taking drugs. As for the word teahead, it is lost in the Georgian translation. Neon blinking traffic light is presented as ნეონური მოციმციმე სინათლეები.  Therefore, unlike the original, it is not visible whether it is the light of a traffic light or a lantern.

,,who sank all night in submarine light of Bickford’s floated out and sat through the stale beer afternoon in desolate Fugazzi’s, listening to the crack of doom on the hydrogen jukebox’’ [Ginsberg, 1956, 1959:10]. 

,,ვინც ყვინთავდა მთელი ღამე ბიკფორდის წყალქვეშა ნათებაში, ხოლო მერე კი გამოყვინთა, ნაშუადღევს ფუგაზის ბარში ფსელივით ლუდს შემოუჯდა და ატომური მუსიკალური ავტომატიდან მეორედ მოსვლის ხმებს აყურადებდა’’ [Iatashvili].   

"Bickford's" was a chain of nightclubs in New York and supposedly, "Fugazzi" was a beer bar. From the poem we learn that the best thinkers spent a lot of time in cheap bars and restaurants. According to the definition presented on Dictionary.ge, the adjective stale means ,,ძველი, დაძველებული’’ (old, aged) [A Comprehensive English-Georgian Online Dictionary]. Stale beer should mean old or non-carbonated beer. In Iatashvili's Georgian translation, it is presented as ფსელივით ლუდი (emiction-like beer). In our opinion, the Georgian translator tried to add more naturalness to his translation.

The adjective desolate, which the poet uses to describe Fugazzi, is translated as ,,უპატრონოდ მიტოვებული; გავერანებული’’ (abandoned; unkempt) [A Comprehensive English-Georgian Online Dictionary]. The mentioned adjective is not found in the Georgian translation. In our opinion, it underlines what kind of a bar it was and who would be its frequent guests.

The noun doom is translated as ,,ბედისწერა’’ (destiny) and (rel. old) ,,განკითხვის დღე’’ (the day of judgment) [A Comprehensive English-Georgian Online Dictionary]. To match it in the Georgian translation, Iatashvili uses მეორედ მოსვლა (Coming). It is true that people will be judged on the earth during this religious event, but the day of judgment can come for anyone even before Coming of Jesus Christ to the earth, when a soul of a deceased person with sins and good deeds will appear before God for judgment. Therefore, in our opinion, it would be better to use განკითხვის დღე instead of მეორედ მოსვლა.

This line clearly shows one of Allen Ginsberg's poetic techniques, which involves combining words that have no connection. A clear example of this is  hydrogen jukebox -წყალბადის ავტომატური ფირფიტასაკრავი/hydrogen automatic record player. Jukebox (conv.) is ,,ავტომატური ფირფიტასაკრავი’’ (automatic record player) [A Comprehensive English-Georgian Online Dictionary], which is mostly found in cafes and pubs. Hydrogen is წყალბადი [A Comprehensive English-Georgian Online Dictionary]. In the Georgian translation, the mentioned phrase is presented as ატომური მუსიკალური ავტომატი (atomic musical automaton). The Georgian translator uses the word ატომური instead of წყალბადი.

,,who studied Plotinus Poe St. John of the Cross telepathy and bop kaballa because the cosmos instinctively vibrated at their feet in Kansas’’ [Ginsberg, 1956, 1959:11].          

,,ვინც სწავლობდა პლოტინს, სან ხუანს, პოს, ბოპ კაბალას, ტელეპათიას, რადგან კანზასში მათ ფეხთა ქვეშ ინსტინქტურად ზანზარებდა მთელი კოსმოსი’’ [Iatashvili].    

According to the poet, "the best thinkers" are smart people. They studied philosopher Plotinus and Edgar Allan Poe  -  the American poet and novelist of the 19^th century. They became interested in San Juan  -   one of the great Christian mystics and Spanish poets. They studied telepathy and various forms of religious mysticism. In the mentioned line, our attention was drawn to the principle of translating the anthroponym. In our opinion, St. John of the Cross is San Juan de la Cruz (in Spanish). It is interesting that in Iatashvili's translation, the name of the mentioned person is presented in the abbreviated Spanish form  - San Juan. In this aspect, the translation differs from the original. However, a reader can guess, which person is mentioned.

,,who plunged themselves under meat trucks looking for an egg’’ [Ginsberg, 1956, 1959:13].

,,ვინც ხორცით სავსე სატვირთოებს ბორბლების ქვეშ უვარდებოდა’’ [Iatashvili].

The Georgian translation of the mentioned line does not show that these people were falling under the meat trucks to get eggs. Therefore, the reason for such an action is not indicated.

,,who drove crosscountry seventytwo hours to find out if I had a vision or you had a vision or he had a vision to find out Eternity’’ [Ginsberg, 1956, 1959:14].                  

,,ვინც ამ ქვეყნის ერთი ბოლოდან მეორემდე სამ დღე-ღამეში აღწევდა, რათა გაეგო, ვინმეს, მე, შენ ან მას მარადისობის განსაჭვრეტად თუ ჰქონდა ხილვა’’ [Iatashvili].    

They drove for exactly three days, or seventy-two hours, in the hope that someone in the car would have a spiritual vision of eternity. In the mentioned line, the translator replaces seventy-two hours presented in the original with three days and nights that convey the same meaning.

,,who in humorless protest overturned only one symbolic pingpong table, resting briefly in catatonia’’ [Ginsberg, 1956, 1959:15].                                                                   

,,ვინც ანთებულმა პროტესტის ჟინით ერთადერთი სიმბოლური პინგ-პონგის მაგიდა ააყირავა და მცირეხნით ნერვულმა სპაზმამ მოჰგვარა შვება’’ [Iatashvili].      

In the psychiatric institution, the patients overturned the table of table tennis as a sign of protest against the methods of treatment. Afterwards, they calmed down and stiffened in the strange position. Generally, this phenomenon is known as catatonia.

In the Georgian translation of the given line, we find interesting the Georgian word-combination რაღაცის ჟინით ანთებული (burning with the passion of something) used by the translator. He writes ვინც ანთებულმა პროტესტის ჟინით (those, who are inflamed with the spirit of protest) instead of the phrase ვინც იუმორს მოკლებული პროტესტით (those, who protest without humour). In our opinion, one of the merits of Iatashvili's translational work is that he does not make a word-for-word translation and adds his own nuances, which do not change an idea presented in an original, but simplifies process of reading. The Georgian translator does not use the word კატატონია (catatonia). Instead of quoting it directly, he writes ნერვულმა სპაზმამ მოჰგვარა შვება (the nervous spasm brought the relief).

,,Moloch the incomprehensible prison! Moloch the crossbone soulless jailhouse and Congress of sorrows! Moloch whose buildings are judgment! Moloch the vast stone of war! Moloch the stunned governments!’’ [Ginsberg, 1956, 1959:17].    

,,მოლოქი, ამოუცნობი საპატიმრო! მოლოქი, გადაჯვარედინებული ძვლების უსულგულო ჯურღმული და მწუხარების კონგრესი! მოლოქი, რომლის შენობები განაჩენია! მოლოქი, ომის უშველებელი დოლაბი! მოლოქი, შეძრწუნებული მთავრობები! [Iatashvili].

 The narrator makes the specific accusations against Moloch. In the above line, the phrase Moloch the vast stone of war! seems interesting. It is  translated as მოლოქი ომის უზარმაზარი ქვა! It is interesting that Shota Iatashvili translates it as მოლოქი, ომის უშველებელი დოლაბი. According to the definition of “Javakhetian Dictionary” presented on the website of the National Library of the Parliament of Georgia, დოლაბი is წისქვილის ზედა ქვა, დიდი, ბრტყელი მრგვალი ქვა, შუაში გახვრეტილი (a top stone of a mill, a large, flat round stone with a hole in the middle) [National Library of the Parliament of Georgia]. The Georgian translator's use of დოლაბი instead of ქვა (stone) can be explained by the fact that for him Moloch creates the association of დოლაბი. However, in our opinion, the use of the word დოლაბი creates the Georgian flavour that is different from the American one.

,,I’m with you in Rockland where you pun on the bodies of your nurses the harpies of the Bronx’’ [Ginsberg, 1956, 1959:19].

,,მე ვარ შენთან ერთად როკლენდში იქ სადაც ერთობი შენი მომვლელების - ბრონქსელი ჰარპიების სხეულებზე’’ [იათაშვილი]. 

The lyrical hero of the poem calls Solomon's nurses harpies. In the Greek mythology, a harpy was a winged female-monster. According to Dictionary.ge, the verb pun means ,,კალამბურის შეთხზვა’’ (making a pun) [A Comprehensive English-Georgian Online Dictionary]. In the original, the poet mentions that Carl Solomon puns on the bodies of his nurses (possibly, implying intimacy). The Georgian translator does not mention making a pun. However, his translation presents what is meant in the phrase  -  სადაც შენ ერთობი შენი მომვლელების ... სხეულებზე (where you enjoy …   the bodies of your caregivers).

In conclusion, it can be said that the article represents the analysis of Ginsberg’s poem "Howl". It is one of the famous poems of the world, which played the important role in the American poetry. "Howl" is the exclamation of the inner self of the poet against everything that was unacceptable to the Beat Generation. Through the poetry, Ginsberg spoke for his associates. He brought to light what was experienced by people excluded by the dominant society. He showed a reader that the society is not only made up of ideal members, but there are also drug addicts, alcoholics, prostitutes, poor people, people with different orientations and this is completely normal. The poem contains many references to the moments of the lives of the poet and his friends. Accordingly, it is diverse in terms of a subject matter. It features the madness, different sexual orientations, bold vocabulary, societal rules and personal freedom. In the second part of the mentioned article, we discussed some examples from Iatashvili's translation. We highlighted those phrases and words that required special efforts to translate. We discussed how the Georgian translator coped with this task. In some cases, Iatashvili did not present exact Georgian meanings of the English lexical units. He  translated in accordance to the context. To achieve the intended goal, in some instances, he resorted to the method of adding or omitting a word. In several cases, the translator used only the Georgian equivalent of the phrase.

Finally, based on the discussed translation, it can be said that Shota Iatashvili did his utmost to convey the meaning, form and content of the poem, as well as the feelings and words of the poet. The main merit of the Georgian translation is the translator's attempt to convey the bold vocabulary in the special way, which ensures natural sounding and preserves the author's style.

[1]Here is our translation: ვნახე ჩემი თაობის საუკეთესო მოაზროვნეები სიგიჟისგან განადგურებულნი, დამშეულნი, ისტერიულნი, შიშველნი, გარიჟრაჟზე საკუთარ თავებს რომ მიათრევენ ზანგების ქუჩებში და ეძებენ ნარკოტიკის დოზას ბრაზის დასაცხრომად.